Back Spaanse Inkwisisie Afrikaans Spanische Inquisition GSW स्पेनी धर्माधिकरण ANP محاكم التفتيش الإسبانية Arabic Inquisición española AST İspaniya inkvizisiya məhkəməsi Azerbaijani Іспанская інквізіцыя Byelorussian Гішпанская інквізыцыя BE-TARASK Испанска инквизиция Bulgarian Inkizision spagnol Breton
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición | |
|---|---|
 Seal for the Tribunal in Spain Flanking the cross is a sword, symbolising the punishment of heretics, and an olive branch, symbolising reconciliation with the repentant. In Latin, the inscription "Exurge Domine et judica causam tuam. Psalm 73." ("Arise, Lord, and judge your cause") | |
| Type | |
| Type | Tribunal under the Spanish monarchy, for upholding religious orthodoxy in their realm |
| History | |
| Established | 1 November 1478 |
| Disbanded | 15 July 1834 |
| Seats | Consisted of a Grand Inquisitor, who headed the Council of the Supreme and General Inquisition, made up of six members. Under it were up to 21 tribunals in the empire. |
| Elections | |
| Grand Inquisitor and Suprema designated by the crown | |
| Meeting place | |
| Spanish Empire | |
| Footnotes | |
 |
| Part of a series on the |
| Catholic Church |
|---|
 |
| Overview |
 Catholic Church portal |
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Spanish: Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición) was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile and lasted until 1834. It began toward the end of the Reconquista and aimed to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under papal control. Along with the Roman Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition, it became the most substantive[citation needed] of the three different manifestations of the wider Catholic Inquisition.
The Inquisition was originally intended primarily to identify heretics among those who converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism. The regulation of the faith of newly converted Catholics was intensified following royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1502 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or leave Castile, or face death,[1] resulting in hundreds of thousands of forced conversions, torture and executions, the persecution of conversos and moriscos, and the mass expulsions of Jews and Muslims from Spain.[2] The inquisition expanded to other domains under the Spanish Crown, including Southern Italy and the Americas, while also targeting those accused of alumbradismo, Protestantism, witchcraft, blasphemy, bigamy, sodomy, Freemasonry, etc.
A key feature of the Spanish Inquisition was the auto-da-fe, a public ceremony devised to reinforce the Church's power and the monarchy's control, where the accused were paraded, sentences read and confessions made, after which the guilty were turned over to civil authorities for the execution of sentences.[3] According to some modern estimates, around 150,000 people were prosecuted for various offences during the three-century duration of the Spanish Inquisition, of whom between 3,000 and 5,000 were executed,[4] mostly by burning at the stake. Other punishments ranged from penance to public flogging, exile from place of residence, serving as galley-slaves, and prison terms from years to life, together with the confiscation of all property in most cases.[5]
An estimated 40,000 - 100,000 Jews were expelled in 1492. Conversos were also subjected to blood purity statutes (limpieza de sangre), which introduced racially-based discrimination and antisemitism, lasting into the 19th and 20th century. The Spanish Inquisition was abolished in 1834, during the reign of Isabella II, after a long period of declining influence in the preceding centuries. The last person executed for heresy was Cayetano Ripoll in 1826, for teaching Deism to his students.[6][7]
- ^ "The Alhambra Decree-- Edict of the Expulsion of the Jews of Spain" (PDF). Florida Atlantic University. 1492.
- ^ Hans-Jürgen Prien (2012). Christianity in Latin America: Revised and Expanded Edition. Brill. p. 11. ISBN 978-90-04-22262-5.
- ^ Pérez (2005), pp. 154–169.
- ^ Data for executions for witchcraft: Levack, Brian P. (199). The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe (2nd ed.). London and New York: Longman. ISBN 978-0582080690. OCLC 30154582.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) And see Witch trials in Early Modern Europe for more detail. - ^ Pérez (2005), pp. 151–152.
- ^ Anderson, James Maxwell (2002). Cayetano Ripoll (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 0-313-31667-8. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
- ^ "Reflections". 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010. English translation of an account of Ripoll's trial and execution.