Republic of Texas

Republic of Texas
*República de Tejas* (Spanish)
Republic of Texas República de Tejas (Spanish)
1836–1846
	Top: Flag; (1836–1839); Bottom: Flag; (1839–1845) ; Top: Seal (1836–1839); Bottom: Seal (1839–1845)
	Motto: "Remember the Alamo"
	Map of the Republic of Texas. Since the Republic was not recognized by Mexico, its entire territory was disputed. The area that was controlled by the Republic is in dark green, while the territory claimed by the Republic but not effectively controlled is in light green.
Capital	San Antonio de Bexar (Mexican Texas); San Felipe de Austin (1835, provisional); Washington-on-the-Brazos (1836, interim); Harrisburg (1836, interim); Galveston (1836, interim); Velasco (1836, interim); Columbia (1836–1837); Houston (1837–1839); Austin (1839–1846);
Official languages	English and Spanish
Other languages	German, French, Portuguese, Native languages (Caddo, Comanche)
Demonym(s)	Texian and Tejano
Government	Unitary presidential constitutional republic
President1
• 1836	David G. Burnet
• 1836–38	Sam Houston, 1st term
• 1838–41	Mirabeau B. Lamar
• 1841–44	Sam Houston, 2nd term
• 1844–46	Anson Jones
Vice President1
• 1836	Lorenzo de Zavala
• 1836–38	Mirabeau B. Lamar
• 1838–41	David G. Burnet
• 1841–44	Edward Burleson
• 1844–45	Kenneth L. Anderson
Legislature	Congress
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Historical era	Western Expansion
• Independence from Mexico	March 2, 1836
• Annexation by the United States	December 29, 1845
• Transfer of power	February 19, 1846
Population
• 1845 est.	135,000
Currency	Texas dollar
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Coahuila y Tejas
	Centralist Republic of Mexico
Texas
New Mexico Territory
Utah Territory
Public Land Strip
Nebraska Territory
Kansas Territory
Today part of	United States; ∟Colorado; ∟Kansas; ∟Oklahoma; ∟New Mexico; ∟Texas; ∟Wyoming;
	1Interim period (March 16 – October 22, 1836): President: David G. Burnet, Vice President Lorenzo de Zavala

The Republic of Texas (Spanish: República de Tejas), or simply Texas, was a country in North America^[4] that existed for close to 10 years, from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. Texas shared borders with Centralist Republic of Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, and the United States. The Republic declared its independence from Mexico with the proclamation of the Texas Declaration of Independence, subsequently beginning the Texas Revolution. The proclamation was established after the Centralist Republic of Mexico abolished autonomy from states of the Mexican federal republic. The revolution lasted for six months, with major fighting ending on April 21, 1836, securing independence.

The Mexican Congress refused to recognize the independence of the Republic of Texas, as the Treaties of Velasco were signed by Mexican President and General Antonio López de Santa Anna under duress as prisoner. The majority of the Mexican Congress did not approve the agreement. Much of its territory was controlled and disputed by Mexico or the Comancheria; Mexico considered it a rebellious province during its entire existence. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The Anglo-American residents of the area and of the republic were referred to as Texians, while Texans of Mexican descent were referred to as Tejanos.^[5]

Having gained independence following the revolution, the nation engaged in complex relations with various countries. European powers (France and Britain), along with the United States, hesitated to recognize the new republic, in deference to established relations with Mexico. However, they eventually recognized Texas and adopted trade relations. Intermittent conflicts between Mexico and Texas continued into the 1840s.^[6]^[7]

Texas was annexed by the United States on December 29, 1845,^[8] and was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on that day, with the transfer of power from the Republic to the new state of Texas formally taking place on February 19, 1846.^[9] However, the United States inherited the southern and western border disputes with Mexico, which had refused to recognize Texas' sovereignty or to accept U.S. offers to purchase the territory. Consequently, the annexation led to the Mexican–American War.

^ "Flags and Other Symbols | TX Almanac". www.texasalmanac.com. 2023. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
^ Greenfield, David (March 1, 2001). "Texas Tidbits". Texas Monthly. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
^ Population Growth from Early Texas Settlers (7 Dec 2020)
^ Lang, Andrew F. (July 2010). "Memory, the Texas Revolution, and Secession: The Birth of Confederate Nationalismin the Lone Star State". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 114 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1353/swh.0.0016. ISSN 1558-9560.
^ "Texian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) – the term "Texian" dates from at least 1835.
^ Henderson (2008), p. 121.
^ Crapol, Edward P. (2012) [2006]. "Texas". John Tyler, the Accidental President. Legal classics library (revised ed.). University of North Carolina Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0807872239. Retrieved May 18, 2022. After Van Buren was safely elected, Jackson granted formal diplomatic recognition to the Lone Star Republic. A few months later, in August 1837, the Texians officially requested annexation, but Van Buren, fearing an anti-slavery backlash and domestic turmoil, rebuffed them.
^ O'Neill, R. (2011). Texas War of Independence. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 85. ISBN 978-1448813322.
^ Himmel, Kelly F. (1999). The Conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas: 1821–1859. Texas A&M University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-89096-867-3.

[Staff-1] "Flags and Other Symbols | TX Almanac". www.texasalmanac.com. 2023. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2023.

[Greenfield2001-2] Greenfield, David (March 1, 2001). "Texas Tidbits". Texas Monthly. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2023.

[3] Population Growth from Early Texas Settlers (7 Dec 2020)

[4] Lang, Andrew F. (July 2010). "Memory, the Texas Revolution, and Secession: The Birth of Confederate Nationalismin the Lone Star State". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 114 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1353/swh.0.0016. ISSN 1558-9560.

[5] "Texian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) – the term "Texian" dates from at least 1835.

[henderson121-6] Henderson (2008), p. 121.

[7] Crapol, Edward P. (2012) [2006]. "Texas". John Tyler, the Accidental President. Legal classics library (revised ed.). University of North Carolina Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0807872239. Retrieved May 18, 2022. After Van Buren was safely elected, Jackson granted formal diplomatic recognition to the Lone Star Republic. A few months later, in August 1837, the Texians officially requested annexation, but Van Buren, fearing an anti-slavery backlash and domestic turmoil, rebuffed them.

[8] O'Neill, R. (2011). Texas War of Independence. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 85. ISBN 978-1448813322.

[Himmel1999-9] Himmel, Kelly F. (1999). The Conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas: 1821–1859. Texas A&M University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-89096-867-3.

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Republic of Texas

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