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 Politics portal |
The politics of Mongolia takes place in a framework of a parliamentary system with a multi-party representative democracy.[1] While some sources have incorrectly described Mongolia as a semi-presidential system, its 1992 Constitution clearly defines it as a parliamentary republic.[2]
The government is headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by and accountable to the State Great Khural (Parliament).[3] Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The President serves as the head of state with limited authority, primarily in the areas of foreign policy and national security, as well as being the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.[4] The President also has veto power over laws passed by Parliament, though this can be overridden by a two-thirds parliamentary majority.
Legislative power is vested in the State Great Khural, a unicameral parliament. Judicial power is independent of the executive and legislature, as guaranteed by the Constitution.
Mongolia held its first democratic elections in 1990, following a peaceful 1990 revolution.[5][6] From 1921 to 1990, Mongolia was a communist single-party state under the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party.[7] Historically, Mongolian politics has been influenced by its two large neighbors, Russia and China.[8][9]
- ^ "The Constitution of Mongolia (1992)". LegalInfo. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
- ^ Odonkhuu, Munkhsaikhan (12 February 2016). "Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy". ConstitutionNet. International IDEA. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
Mongolia is officially a parliamentary system, despite the popularly elected president and limited executive powers.
- ^ "Parliament of Mongolia". State Great Khural. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
- ^ "Official Website of the President of Mongolia". Office of the President of Mongolia. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
- ^ "Election Watch". Journal of Democracy. 3 (4): 130–133. 1992. ISSN 1086-3214.
- ^ "Mongolia: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report". Freedom House. 2025.
- ^ Batbayar, Tsedendambyn (1993). "Mongolia in 1992: Back to One-Party Rule". Asian Survey. 33 (1): 61–66. doi:10.2307/2645287. ISSN 0004-4687.
- ^ Ginsburg, Tom (1995). "Political Reform in Mongolia: Between Russia and China". Asian Survey. 35 (5): 459–471. doi:10.2307/2645748. ISSN 0004-4687.
- ^ Rahul, Ram (1978). "Mongolia between China and Russia". Asian Survey. 18 (7): 659–665. doi:10.2307/2643524. ISSN 0004-4687.