Back شبه جديدات الأجنحة Arabic Paraneopteralar Azerbaijani فرانوبالان Persian Paraneoptera French Paraneópteros Galician פרניאופטרה HE Egyszerűsödött szárnyas rovarok Hungarian Paraneoptera Italian Blakšveidīgie Latvian/Lettish Parametabole insekter NB
| Paraneoptera Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Magicicada septendecim, a cicada (Hemiptera) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Clade: | Eumetabola |
| (unranked): | Paraneoptera |
| Orders | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Paraneoptera or Acercaria[1] is a superorder of insects which includes lice (bark lice and true lice), thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs.[2] It also includes the extinct order Permopsocida, known from fossils dating from the Early Permian to the mid-Cretaceous.
All of the insects classified here exhibit various “reductions” or “simplifications” from the primitive body-plan found in typical polyneopterans. Cerci, for example, are entirely absent in all living paraneopterans (Acercaria meaning without cerci). Other “reductions” occur in wing venation, in the number of tarsal segments (no more than three), only four Malpighian tubules, and only one complex of abdominal ganglia.[3]
The mouthparts of the Paraneoptera reflect diverse feeding habits. Basal groups are microbial surface feeders, whereas more advanced groups feed on plant or animal fluids.[2]
- ^ Hu Li; Renfu Shao; Nan Song; Fan Song; Pei Jiang; Zhihong Li; Wanzhi Cai (23 February 2015). "Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences". Scientific Reports. 5 (8527): 8527. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E8527L. doi:10.1038/srep08527. PMC 4336943. PMID 25704094.
- ^ a b David A. Grimaldi & Michael S. Engel (2005). "The Paraneopteran Orders". Evolution of the Insects. Volume 1 of Cambridge Evolution Series. Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–330. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0.
- ^ Letsch, H. O.; Meusemann, K.; Wipfler, B.; Schütte, K.; Beutel, R.; Misof, B. (2012). "Insect phylogenomics: Results, problems and the impact of matrix composition". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1741): 3282–3290. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0744. PMC 3385742. PMID 22628473.