Back معلومات مضللة Arabic Misinformasiya Azerbaijani Gatra sané iwang BAN ভুল তথ্যের বিস্তার Bengali/Bangla Informació falsa Catalan Misinformace Czech Misinformation Danish Información errónea Spanish Valeinformatsioon Estonian اطلاعات نادرست Persian

Misinformation

Not to be confused with Disinformation or Misinformation effect.
A sign campaigning for the successful Vote Leave in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. The claim made by the sign was widely considered to have been an example of misinformation.[1][2][3][4]

Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information.[5][6] Whereas misinformation can exist with or without specific malicious intent, disinformation is deliberately deceptive and intentionally propagated.[7][8][9][10][11] Misinformation can include inaccurate, incomplete, misleading, or false information as well as selective or half-truths.

In January 2024, the World Economic Forum identified misinformation and disinformation, propagated by both internal and external interests, to "widen societal and political divides" as the most severe global risks in the short term.[12] The reason is that misinformation can influence people's beliefs about communities, politics, medicine, and more.[13][14] Research shows that susceptibility to misinformation can be influenced by several factors, including cognitive biases, emotional responses, social dynamics, and media literacy levels.

Accusations of misinformation have been used to curb legitimate journalism and political dissent.[15]

The term came into wider recognition during the mid-1990s through the early 2020s, when its effects on public ideological influence began to be investigated. However, misinformation campaigns have existed for hundreds of years.[16][17]

  1. ^ Henley, Jon (10 June 2016). "Why Vote Leave's £350m weekly EU cost claim is wrong". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  2. ^ "The UK's EU membership fee". Full Fact. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  3. ^ "Reality Check: Would Brexit mean extra £350m a week for NHS?". BBC News. 15 April 2016.
  4. ^ Ackrill, Robert (27 April 2016). "Fact Check: how much does the UK actually pay to the EU?". The Conversation.
  5. ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary (19 August 2020). "Misinformation". Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  6. ^ Fetzer, James H. (2004-05-01). "Information: Does it Have To Be True?". Minds and Machines. 14 (2): 223–229. doi:10.1023/B:MIND.0000021682.61365.56. ISSN 1572-8641. S2CID 31906034.
  7. ^ Woolley, Samuel C.; Howard, Philip N. (2016). "Political Communication, Computational Propaganda, and Autonomous Agents". International Journal of Communication. 10: 4882–4890. Archived from the original on 2019-10-22. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  8. ^ Caramancion, Kevin Matthe (2020). "An Exploration of Disinformation as a Cybersecurity Threat". 2020 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT). pp. 440–444. doi:10.1109/icict50521.2020.00076. ISBN 978-1-7281-7283-5. S2CID 218651389.
  9. ^ Karlova, Natascha A.; Fisher, Karen E. (2013-03-15). "A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human information behaviour". informationr.net. Archived from the original on 2023-05-11. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Fallis-2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (2023-10-30). "Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach". New Media & Society. 27 (4): 2188–2211. doi:10.1177/14614448231207644. ISSN 1461-4448.
  12. ^ The Global Risks Report 2024, World Economic Forum. ISBN 978-2-940631-64-3
  13. ^ Aral 2020.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYT-20240316 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ "Fighting Fake News: How Mis- and Disinformation Legislation is Weaponized Against Journalists". Center for International Media Assistance. 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2025-04-07.
  16. ^ Bode, Leticia; Vraga, Emily (23 June 2015). "In Related News, That was Wrong: The Correction of Misinformation Through Related Stories Functionality in Social Media". Journal of Communication. 65 (4): 619–638. doi:10.1111/jcom.12166. S2CID 142769329. Archived from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  17. ^ Posetti, Julie; Matthews, Alice (June 23, 2018). "A Short Guide to the History of 'Fake News' and Disinformation: A New ICFJ Learning Module". International Center for Journalists. Archived from the original on 2019-02-25. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
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