Hadronization

Hadronization (or hadronisation) is the process of the formation of hadrons out of quarks and gluons. There are two main branches of hadronization: quark-gluon plasma (QGP) transformation^[1] and colour string decay into hadrons.^[2] The transformation of quark-gluon plasma into hadrons is studied in lattice QCD numerical simulations, which are explored in relativistic heavy-ion experiments.^[3] Quark-gluon plasma hadronization occurred shortly after the Big Bang when the quark–gluon plasma cooled down to the Hagedorn temperature (about 150 MeV) when free quarks and gluons cannot exist.^[4] In string breaking new hadrons are forming out of quarks, antiquarks and sometimes gluons, spontaneously created from the vacuum.^[5]

^ Rafelski, Johann (2015). "Melting hadrons, boiling quarks". The European Physical Journal A. 51 (9) 114. arXiv:1508.03260. Bibcode:2015EPJA...51..114R. doi:10.1140/epja/i2015-15114-0. ISSN 1434-6001.
^ Andersson, Bo, 1937- (1998). The Lund model. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42094-6. OCLC 37755081.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Müller, Berndt (2016), Rafelski, Johann (ed.), "A New Phase of Matter: Quark-Gluon Plasma Beyond the Hagedorn Critical Temperature", Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks - From Hagedorn Temperature to Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at CERN, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 107–116, arXiv:1501.06077, Bibcode:2016mhbq.book..107M, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17545-4_14, ISBN 978-3-319-17544-7
^ Letessier, Jean; Rafelski, Johann (2002). Hadrons and Quark–Gluon Plasma (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511534997. ISBN 978-0-521-38536-7.
^ Cite error: The named reference Yu1991 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] Rafelski, Johann (2015). "Melting hadrons, boiling quarks". The European Physical Journal A. 51 (9) 114. arXiv:1508.03260. Bibcode:2015EPJA...51..114R. doi:10.1140/epja/i2015-15114-0. ISSN 1434-6001.

[2] Andersson, Bo, 1937- (1998). The Lund model. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42094-6. OCLC 37755081.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[3] Müller, Berndt (2016), Rafelski, Johann (ed.), "A New Phase of Matter: Quark-Gluon Plasma Beyond the Hagedorn Critical Temperature", Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks - From Hagedorn Temperature to Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at CERN, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 107–116, arXiv:1501.06077, Bibcode:2016mhbq.book..107M, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17545-4_14, ISBN 978-3-319-17544-7

[4] Letessier, Jean; Rafelski, Johann (2002). Hadrons and Quark–Gluon Plasma (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511534997. ISBN 978-0-521-38536-7.

[Yu1991-5] Cite error: The named reference Yu1991 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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Hadronization

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