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Francoist Spain

"Spanish State" redirects here. For the current Spanish state, see Government of Spain.
"Fascist Spain" redirects here. For the ideology, see Falangism.
Spanish State
Estado Español (Spanish)
1936–1975
Flag of Francoist Spain
Flag of Spain
(1945–1977)
Coat of arms (1945–1977) of Francoist Spain
Coat of arms
(1945–1977)
Motto: Una, Grande y Libre
("One, Great and Free")
Plus Ultra
("Further Beyond")
Anthem: Marcha Granadera
("Grenadier March")
Territories and colonies of the Spanish State:
  •   Spain, Ifni, Western Sahara and Guinea
  •   Protectorate in Morocco
  •   Tangier International Zone
Capital
and largest city
Madrid[a]
Official languagesSpanish
Religion
Catholicism (official); under the doctrine of National Catholicism
Demonym(s)Spanish, Spaniard
GovernmentUnitary one-party Francoist State Under a dictatorship (after 1937)[b]
Head of State 
• 1936–1975
Francisco Franco[c]
• 1975
Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel[d]
Prime Minister 
• 1938–1973
Francisco Franco
• 1973
Luis Carrero Blanco
• 1973
Torcuato Fernández-Miranda (acting)
• 1973–1975
Carlos Arias Navarro
Prince 
• 1969–1975
Juan Carlos de Borbón
LegislatureNone (rule by decree, until 1942)
Cortes Españolas (since 1942)
Historical eraInterwar period • World War II • Cold War
• Civil War
17 July 1936
• Francisco Franco rule started
1 October 1936
1 April 1939
6 July 1947
14 December 1955
1 January 1967
20 November 1975
• Regency Council administration
20–22 November 1975
22 November 1975
Area
1940[6]856,045 km2 (330,521 sq mi)
Population
• 1940[6]
25,877,971
CurrencySpanish peseta
Calling code+34
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Nationalist zone
Second Spanish Republic
Spanish transition to democracy
Today part of
  1. ^ In wartime, Salamanca served as the de facto Nationalist capital and centre of power, while administrative functions were moved to Burgos.
  2. ^ The regime has been described in various terms, from as a fascist or fascistized regime to a personalist or a traditional military dictatorship.[1] As Franco became the dictator in 1937,[2] it evolved from a military junta early in the Civil War to resembling or matching fascist totalitarianism in the 1940s and afterwards became rather authoritarian conservative,[citation needed] while preserving fascist trappings and a "major radical fascist ingredient."[3]
  3. ^ As Caudillo (since 1938)[4][5] and Jefe del Estado
  4. ^ As President of the Regency Council

Francoist Spain (Spanish: España franquista; English: pronounced Franco-ist), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (dictadura franquista), or Nationalist Spain (España nacionalista) was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title Caudillo. After his death in 1975, Spain transitioned into a democracy. During Franco's rule, Spain was officially known as the Spanish State (Estado Español). The informal term "Fascist Spain" is also used, especially before and during World War II.

During its existence, the nature of the regime evolved and changed. Months after the start of the Civil War in July 1936, Franco emerged as the dominant rebel military leader and he was proclaimed head of state on 1 October 1936, ruling over the territory which was controlled by the Nationalist faction. In 1937, Franco became an uncontested dictator and issued the Unification Decree which merged all of the parties which supported the rebel side, turning Nationalist Spain into a one-party state under the FET y de las JONS.[2] The end of the Civil War in 1939 brought the extension of the Franco rule to the whole country and the exile of Republican institutions. The Francoist dictatorship originally took a form described as, "fascist or quasi-fascist",[7] "fascistized",[8] "para-fascist",[9] "semi-fascist",[10] or a strictly fascist regime,[11][12] showing clear influence of fascism in fields such as labor relations, the autarkic economic policy, aesthetics, the single-party system,[13][14] and totalitarian control of public and private life.[15] As time went on, the regime opened up and became closer to developmental dictatorships[11] and abandoned radical fascist ideology of Falangism,[3] although it always preserved residual fascist trappings[16][10] and a "major radical fascist ingredient."[3]

During World War II, Spain did not join the Axis powers (its supporters from the Civil War, Italy and Germany). Nevertheless, Spain supported them in various ways throughout most of the war while it maintained its neutrality as an official policy of non-belligerence. Because of this, Spain was isolated by many other countries for nearly a decade after World War II, while its autarkic economy, still trying to recover from the Civil War, suffered from chronic depression. The 1947 Law of Succession made Spain a de jure kingdom again but it defined Franco as the head of state for life with the power to choose the person who would become King of Spain and his successor.

Reforms were implemented in the 1950s and as a result, Spain abandoned its policy of autarky, it also reassigned authority from the Falangist movement, which had been prone to isolationism, to a new breed of economists, the technocrats of Opus Dei.[17] This led to massive economic growth, second only to Japan, that lasted until the mid-1970s, known as the "Spanish miracle". During the 1950s, the regime also changed from a totalitarian or quasi-totalitarian[18][15][19][20][7] and repressive system, called "the First Francoism", to a slightly milder authoritarian system with limited pluralism and economic freedom.[21][full citation needed] As a result of these reforms, Spain was allowed to join the United Nations in 1955 and Franco was one of Europe's foremost anti-communist figures during the Cold War, and his regime was assisted by the Western powers, particularly the United States. Franco died in 1975 at the age of 82. He restored the Spanish monarchy before his death and made his successor King Juan Carlos I, who led the Spanish transition to democracy.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference romania was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Beevor, Antony (2006) [1982]. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297848321.
  3. ^ a b c Blinkhorn, Martin (2003). Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134997121. The Franco regime - the only European regime with a major radical fascist ingredient to survive long beyond 1945, and studied here by Paul Preston - is a useful example. Notwithstanding the aforementioned fascisant tendencies within the Spanish Catholic and monarchist right, radical fascism, in the form of the Falange (fused from 1934 with the JONS), was weak until 1936 when it began to expand rapidly... In April 1937 Franco... fused the Falange with the Carlists, monarchists and the rest of the right to form the single party of his regime: a process, though differently conducted, somewhat similar to Italian fascism's fusion with Nationalism and Clerico-Fascism after 1922. The product, like the Italian Fascist regime, was a compromise between radical fascism and conservative authoritarianism, in this case with unambiguous military and Church support. As Preston indicates, Falangism played a superficially prominent and important role for as long as it suited Franco, that is, until the mid-1940s, thereafter to be shunted into the sidings of Spanish political life.
  4. ^ Spanish Politics: Democracy After Dictatorship. Polity. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7456-3992-5.
  5. ^ Oxford Dictionary of English. OUP Oxford. 19 August 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-957112-3.
  6. ^ (in Spanish) "Resumen general de la población de España en 31 de Diciembre de 1940". INE. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  7. ^ a b Saz 2004.
  8. ^ Saz 2004, p. 90.
  9. ^ Fascism: The 'fascist epoch'. Taylor & Francis. 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-29019-7.
  10. ^ a b «La tesis defendida por Payne en dicho dossier puede sintetizarse con estas palabras:

    Entre 1937 y 1943, el franquismo constituyó un régimen "semi-fascista", pero nunca un régimen fascista cien por cien. Después pasó treinta y dos años evolucionando como un sistema autoritario "posfascista", aunque no consiguió eliminar completamente todos los vestigios residuales del fascismo.

    » Glicerio Sanchez Recio. En torno a la Dictadura franquista Hispania Nova
  11. ^ a b Preston, Paul (2005) [1990]. "Resisting modernity: fascism and the military in twentieth century Spain". The Politics of Revenge: Fascism and the Military in Twentieth-Century Spain. Routledge. ISBN 0415120004.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference vinaofrago was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Moradiellos 2000, p. 20.
  14. ^ Cabrera & Rey 2017; Capítulo V
  15. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference fr2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ «La ausencia de un ideario definido le permitió transitar de unas fórmulas dictatoriales a otras, rozando el fascismo en los cuarenta y a las dictaduras desarrollistas en los sesenta».Tusell 1999, cap. «El franquismo como dictadura».
  17. ^ Reuter, Tim (19 May 2014). "Before China's Transformation, There Was The 'Spanish Miracle'". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  18. ^ European Dictatorships 1918–1945. Routledge. 2016. ISBN 978-1-317-29422-1.[page needed]
  19. ^ https://ruja.ujaen.es/jspui/bitstream/10953/1800/1/978-84-1122-139-9.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  20. ^ González Prieto, Luis Aurelio (2021). "La voluntad totalitaria del Franquismo". Revista del Posgrado en Derecho de la Unam (14): 44. doi:10.22201/ppd.26831783e.2021.14.170.
  21. ^ Payne (2000), p. 645
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