Back الفلانخية Arabic فالانژیسم AZB Фалангізм Byelorussian Falangisme Catalan فالانژ Persian Phalangisme French Falangisme ID 팔랑헤주의 Korean Falangisme (Spanje) Dutch Falangismo Portuguese
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Falangism (Spanish: Falangismo) was the political ideology of three political parties in Spain that were known as the Falange, namely first the Falange Española, the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FE de las JONS), and afterward the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS).[1] Falangism combined Spanish nationalism, authoritarianism, Catholic traditionalism, and anti-communism, along with a call for national syndicalism. Historian Stanley Payne, a scholar on fascism, considers the Falange to have been a fascist movement.[2] However another interpretation is that the Falange from 1937 onward during Franco's leadership was a compromise between radical fascism and authoritarian conservatism.[3][4]
The FE de las JONS merged with the Traditionalist Communion and several other parties in 1937 following the Unification Decree of Francisco Franco, to form FET y de las JONS. This new Falange was meant to incorporate all Nationalist political factions and became the sole political party of Francoist Spain.[5] The merger was opposed by some of the original Falangists, such as Manuel Hedilla.
Falangism places a strong emphasis on the Roman Catholic religious identity of Spain.[6] However, it has held some secular views on the Catholic Church's direct influence on Spanish society,[6] since one of the tenets of the Falangist ideology holds that the state should have the supreme authority over the nation.[7] Falangism emphasizes the need for total authority, hierarchy, and order in society.[7] Like Italian and German fascism, Falangism is anti-communist, anti-democratic, and anti-liberal.[8][9]
The Falange's original manifesto, the "Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange", declared Falangism to support the unity of Spain and the elimination of regional separatism, the establishment of a dictatorship led by the Falange, using political violence as a means to regenerate Spain, and promoting the revival and development of the Spanish Empire, all attributes that it had in common with fascism. The manifesto also called for a national syndicalist economy and advocated agrarian reforms, industrial expansion, and respect for private property with the exception of nationalizing credit facilities to prevent usury.[10]
The Spanish Falange and its affiliates in Hispanic states around the world promoted a form of panhispanism known as hispanidad that advocated both the cultural and economic union of Hispanic societies around the world.[11]
- ^ Cyprian P. Blamires (editor). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006. pp. 219–220.
- ^ Payne 1999, pp. 77–102.
- ^ Martin Blinkhorn. Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Reprinted edition. Oxon, England: Routledge, 1990, 2001. p. 10
- ^ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Falange
- ^ Payne 1999, p. 273.
- ^ a b García-Fernández, Mónica (February 2022). "From National Catholicism to Romantic Love: The Politics of Love and Divorce in Franco's Spain". Contemporary European History. 31 (1, Special Issue: The Contemporary European History Prize). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press: 2–14. doi:10.1017/S0960777321000515. ISSN 1469-2171.
- ^ a b Stanley Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. p. 261.
- ^ Ellwood 1987, pp. 99–101.
- ^ Bowen 2000, p. 152.
- ^ Hans Rogger, Eugen Weber. The European Right. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; London: University of Cambridge Press, 1965. p. 195.
- ^ Stein Ugelvik Larsen (ed.). Fascism Outside of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. pp. 120–121.