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European Americans

European Americans
Largest (non-Hispanic) white alone or in any combination group by county (2020)
Total population
120,114,876 (2020)
Detailed European responses only[a]
58.8% of the White alone population[1]
204.3M white (one race)[2]
235.4M White alone or in combination
96.5 million[b] (Not-specified detailed write-in response)[3]
Regions with significant populations
Contiguous United States and Alaska
smaller populations in Hawaii and the territories
Languages
Predominantly English, but also other languages of Europe
Religion
Predominantly Christianity (Mainly Protestantism and Roman Catholicism);
Minority religions: Judaism, Mormonism, Islam, Neo-Paganism, Irreligion, Atheism

European Americans are Americans of European ancestry.[4][5] This term includes both people who descend from the first European settlers in the area of the present-day United States and people who descend from more recent European arrivals. Since the 17th century, European Americans have been the largest panethnic group in what is now the United States. According to the 2020 United States census, 58.8% of the White alone population and 56.1% of the White alone or in combination gave a detailed European write-in response.[6]

The Spaniards were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the contiguous United States, although arriving in small numbers, with Martín de Argüelles (b. 1566) in St. Augustine, then a part of Spanish Florida,[7][8] and the Russians were the first Europeans to settle in Alaska, establishing Russian America. The first British child born in the Americas was Virginia Dare, born August 18, 1587. She was born in Roanoke Colony, located in present-day North Carolina, which was the first attempt, made during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, to establish a permanent English settlement in North America.

In the 2020 United States census, British Americans (46.6 million), German Americans (45 million), Irish Americans (38.6 million), Italian Americans (16.8 million) and Polish Americans (8.6 million) were the five largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States.[9]

The 2020 census was the first census to allow data collection on subtypes of Europeans. During previous surveys, the number of people with British ancestry was considered to be significantly under-counted, as many people in that demographic tended to identify themselves simply as Americans (20,151,829 or 7.2%).[10][11][12][13] A 2015 genetic study of 148,789 European Americans concluded that British ancestry was the most common European ancestry among white Americans, with this component ranging between 20% and 55% of the total population in all 50 states, showing its highest levels in the same states where “American” ancestry predominated on the census.[14] The same applies to the number Americans of Spanish ancestry, as most people in that demographic tend to identify themselves as Hispanic and Latino Americans (65,140,276 or 19.4%), especially since the vast majority of this group and their ancestors came to the U.S. from Latin American countries rather than immigrating directly from Spain.[15][16] Studies show that European genetic ancestry, mainly from Spain, is the largest component in Hispanic Americans, with a mean of 55% European genetic ancestry according to one study from 2019, and 65.1% European genetic ancestry according to another study from 2014.[17][18]

An increasing number of people ignore the ancestry or origins question or chose no specific ancestral group such as "American or United States". In the 2000 census this represented over 56.1 million or 19.9% of the United States population, an increase from 26.2 million (10.5%) in 1990 and 38.2 million (16.9%) in 1980 and are specified as "unclassified" and "not reported".[19][20] In the 2020 U.S. census, 96.58 million people did not report any detailed white ethnic origins and are "Not specified".[21]


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ "English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census". census.gov. October 10, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2025.
  2. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  3. ^ Jin, Connie Hanzhang (September 22, 2023). "These 2020 census results break down people's race and ethnicity into details". NPR. Retrieved March 11, 2025.
  4. ^ "Euro-American". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  5. ^ James B. Minahan (March 14, 2013). "Americans of European descent". Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia. Abc-Clio. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781610691642.
  6. ^ "English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census". census.gov. October 10, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2025.
  7. ^ "A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida". Library of Congress. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  8. ^ Figueredo, D. H. (2007). Latino Chronology. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780313341540. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  9. ^ "Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups". September 21, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  10. ^ Pulera, Dominic J. (October 20, 2004). Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-1643-8. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  11. ^ Farley, Reynolds (1991). "The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?". Demography. 28 (3): 411–29. doi:10.2307/2061465. JSTOR 2061465. PMID 1936376. S2CID 41503995.
  12. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, "The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns", Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.
  13. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
  14. ^ Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (January 8, 2015). "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289685. PMID 25529636.
  15. ^ "Grid View: Table B03001 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 1, 2025.
  16. ^ "Grid View: Table B05006 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 1, 2025.
  17. ^ Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (2015). "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289685. PMID 25529636.
  18. ^ Jordan, I. King; Rishishwar, Lavanya; Conley, Andrew B. (September 2019). "Native American admixture recapitulates population-specific migration and settlement of the continental United States". PLOS Genetics. 15 (9): e1008225. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008225. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 6756731. PMID 31545791.
  19. ^ "1980 Census of Population: Ancestry of the population by state: 1980" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  20. ^ "Ancestry: 2000 Census in Brief" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  21. ^ Jin, Connie Hanzhang (September 22, 2023). "These 2020 census results break down people's race and ethnicity into details". NPR. Retrieved March 11, 2025.
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