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Corporatism is an ideology[1] and political system of interest representation and policymaking whereby corporate groups, such as agricultural, labour, military, business, scientific, or guild associations, come together and negotiate contracts or policy (collective bargaining) on the basis of their common interests.[2][3][4] The term is derived from the Latin corpus, or "body".
Corporatism does not refer to a political system dominated by large business interests, even though the latter are commonly referred to as "corporations" in modern American vernacular and legal parlance. Instead, the correct term for that theoretical system would be corporatocracy. The terms "corporatocracy" and "corporatism" are often confused due to their similar names and to the use of corporations as organs of the state.[citation needed]
Corporatism developed during the 1850s in response to the rise of classical liberalism and Marxism, and advocated cooperation between the classes instead of class conflict. Adherents of diverse ideologies, including economic liberalism, fascism, and social democracy have advocated for corporatist models.[2] Corporatism became one of the main tenets of Italian fascism, and Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime in Italy advocated the total integration of divergent interests into the state for the common good.[5] However, the more democratic neo-corporatism often embraced tripartism.[6][7]
Corporatist ideas have been expressed since ancient Greek and Roman societies, and have been integrated into Catholic social teaching and Christian democratic political parties. They have been paired by various advocates and implemented in various societies with a wide variety of political systems, including authoritarianism, absolutism, fascism, liberalism, and social democracy.[8][9]
- ^ Wiarda, Howard J. (1978). "Corporatist Theory and Ideology: A Latin American Development Paradigm". Journal of Church and State. 20 (1). Oxford University Press: 29.
Discredited by the outcome of World War II, by the Nuremberg trials, and by its supposed affinities with fascism, corporatism as an ideology and form of socio political organization seemed, for a time, to have been erased and forgotten as one of the major alternative "isms" of the twentieth century.
- ^ a b Molina, Oscar; Rhodes, Martin (2002). "Corporatism: The Past, Present, and Future of a Concept". Annual Review of Political Science. 5 (1): 305–331. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.112701.184858. ISSN 1094-2939.
- ^ Wiarda 1997, pp. 27, 141.
- ^ Clarke, Paul A. B; Foweraker, Joe (2001). Encyclopedia of democratic thought. London, UK; New York, US: Routledge. p. 113.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Slomp, Hans (2000). European politics into the twenty-first century: integration and division. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. p. 81.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Wiarda 1997, pp. 31, 38, 44, 111, 124, 140.
- ^ Hicks 1988.