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The Book of Hosea (Biblical Hebrew: סֵפֶר הוֹשֵׁעַ, romanized: Sēfer Hōšēaʿ) is collected as one of the twelve minor prophets of the Nevi'im ("Prophets") in the Tanakh, and as a book in its own right in the Christian Old Testament where it has fourteen chapters.[1] According to the traditional order of most Hebrew Bibles, it is the first of the Twelve.
Set around the fall of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, the Book of Hosea denounces the worship of gods other than Yahweh (the God of Israel), metaphorically comparing Israel's abandonment of Yahweh to a woman being unfaithful to her husband. According to the book's narrative, the relationship between Hosea and his unfaithful wife Gomer is comparable to the relationship between Yahweh and his unfaithful people Israel: this text "for the first time" describes the latter relationship in terms of a marriage.[2] The eventual reconciliation of Hosea and Gomer is treated as a hopeful metaphor for the eventual reconciliation between Yahweh and Israel.
Some redaction-critical studies of Hosea since the 1980s have postulated that the theological and literary unity was created by editors, though scholars differ significantly in their interpretations of the redaction process, stages, and the extent of the eighth-century prophet's original contributions.[3] Nevertheless, many scholars agree that the bulk of the book was probably composed around the times of Jeroboam II of Israel (c. 793–753 BC).[4][5] Hosea is the source of the phrase "reap the whirlwind",[6] which has passed into common usage in English and other languages.
- ^ "The Bible (online)".
- ^ Jerusalem Bible (1966), Introduction to the Prophets, p. 1135, London: Darton, Longman & Todd Ltd and Doubleday and Co. Inc.
- ^ Irvine, Stuart A. (February 10, 2021). "Hosea". In O'Brien, Julia M. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets. Oxford University Press. pp. 398–410. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673208.013.29. Retrieved January 5, 2025.
- ^ Gruber, Mayer I. (2017). Hosea: A Textual Commentary. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-567-67175-2.
... most scholars in the nineteenth-twenty-first centuries have more or less taken it for granted that virtually all of the book of Hosea is to be dated to the reign of Jeroboam II
- ^ Kelle, Brad E. (2024). "The Book of Hosea". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.1189. ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8.
At the heart of the historical context presumed by the book of Hosea are the realities of Assyrian imperialism in the 8th century BCE. [...] Many scholars see most, if not all, of the book as originating (in either oral or written form) with the 8th-century BCE prophet Hosea
- ^ Hosea 8:7